Traité de Moscou, 12 mars 1940
entre la Finlande et l’Union des Républiques socialistes soviétiques

Signé le 12 mars 1940 entre la Finlande et l’Union soviétique, le traité de Moscou marque la fin de la guerre d’Hiver et, par la même occasion, le début de la grande Trêve. Ce traité contraint la Finlande à céder à l’URSS une grande partie de la Camelie finlandaise, coeur industriel de la Finlande, malgré le contrôle de l’armée finlandaise sur ce territoire lors de la signature du traité. D’autres territoire finlandais furent annexés à l’URSS ou placés sous un contrôle exigeant des autorités russes.
Alors que la guerre d’Hiver entre l’Union de soviétique et la Finlande devenait de plus en plus déséquilibré, la Finlande fut contrainte d’entamer ls négociations lancées par Poutine quant à un traité de paix entre les deux États pour arrêter la guerre. En effet, malgré les signes encourageant en provenance de la France et du Royaume-Unis quant à l’envoie de renforts, la position de la Finlande était critique dans le conflit.
Le traité est signé le 12 mars, peut de temps après le début des négociations. Celui-ci fut aussi inégalitaire que la guerre puisque la Finlande fut contrainte de céder une partie considérable de son territoire, dont des zones fortement industrielles comme la Carélié finlandaise. Ainsi, la Norvège est occupées par les forces soviétiques.
Ce semblant de paix ne durra pas puisqu’en juin 1941 commença la guerre de continuation après une période de « Grande Trêve ».
FINLAND-UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS
TREATY OF PEACE
Signed at Moscow, March 12, 1940; ratifications exchanged, March 21, 1940
The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the one hand and the President of the Finnish Republic on the other hand, motivated by the desire to cease the military operations which have arisen between the two countries and to create enduring peaceful mutual relations, and being convinced that the interests of the two contracting parties correspond to the determination of the exact conditions for guaranteeing mutual security including the guarantee of the security of the cities of Leningrad and Murmansk as well as the Murmansk railway, have deemed it necessary to conclude a peace treaty for these purposes and have appointed as their plenipotentiary representatives—
The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics:
Vyacheslav Mikhailovitch Molotov, President of the Soviet of People’s Commissars of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and People’s Commissar for Foreign Affairs;
Andrei Aleksandrovich Zhdanov, member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics;
Aleksandr Mikhailovitch Vasilevski, Brigade Commander;
The President of the Finnish Republic:
Risto Ryti, the Prime Minister of the Cabinet of the Finnish Republic;
Yukho * Kusti * Paasikivi, Minister;
Karl Rudolf Walden,* General;
Vyaine * Voionmaa, Professor. `
The said plenipotentiary representatives, after reciprocal presentation of their plenipotentiary documents which were acknowledged to have been drawn up in the appropriate form and in complete order, have agreed with regard to the following:
Art. 1 – Military operations between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Finland shall cease immediately in accordance with the procedure provided in the protocol attached to the present treaty.
Art. 2 – The national boundary between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Finnish Republic shall be established along a new line in accordance with which the entire Karelian isthmus with the city of Viborg (Viipuri) and Viborg bay with its islands; the western and northern shores of Lake Ladoga with the cities of Kexholm, Sortavala, and Suojarvi; a number of islands in the Gulf of Finland; territory to the east of Merkjarvi with the city of Kuolajarvi; and part of the Rybachi and Sredny peninsulas—in accordance with the map attached to the present treaty—shall be included within the territory of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
A more detailed delineation of the boundary line shall be established by a mixed commission of representatives of the contracting parties, and such a commission must be appointed within ten days from the date of signature of the present treaty.
Art. 3 – The two contracting parties undertake to refrain mutually from any attack upon each other, and not to conclude any alliance or participate in coalitions directed against one of the contracting parties.
Art. 4 – The Finnish Republic agrees to rent to the Soviet Union for a period of thirty years, with the annual payment of eight million Finnish marks by the Soviet Union, Hanko peninsula and its surrounding waters within a radius of five miles to the south and east and of three miles to the west and north of the peninsula, as well as a number of islands adjacent to the peninsula— in accordance with the attached map—for the establishment of a naval base there capable of defending the entrance to the Gulf of Finland from aggression, and the Soviet Union shall be granted the right to maintain the requisite number of land and air armed forces there at its own expense for the purpose of defending the naval base. Within ten days from the moment that the present treaty shall enter into effect, the Finnish Government shall withdraw all of its troops from Hanko peninsula, and Hanko peninsula with the adjacent islands shall be transferred to the administration of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, in accordance with the present article of the treaty.
Art. 5 – The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics undertakes to withdraw its troops from Petsamo province, which the Soviet state voluntarily ceded to Finland according to the Peace Treaty of 1920.
Finland undertakes—as was provided in the Treaty of 1920—not to maintain warships and other armed ships in the waters along the Finnish Coast of the Arctic Ocean, with the exception of armed ships of less than one hundred tons displacement, of which Finland shall have the right to maintain an unlimited number, as well as to maintain not more than fifteen warships and other armed ships the tonnage of which may not exceed four hundred tons each.
Finland undertakes—as was provided by the same treaty—not to maintain submarines and armed aircraft in the said waters.
Likewise Finland undertakes—as was provided by the same treaty—not to construct naval ports, bases for a naval fleet or naval repair shops on this coast on a larger scale than is required for the above-mentioned ships and their armaments.
Art. 6 – The Soviet Union and its citizens—as was provided by the Treaty of 1920 —shall be granted the right of unrestricted transit through Petsamo province to Norway and return, and the Soviet Union shall be granted the right to establish a consulate in Petsamo province.
Freight, which is transported through Petsamo province from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics to Norway, as well as freight which is transported from Norway to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics through the same province, shall not be subject to inspection and control, with the exception of that control which is necessary for regulation of transit communication, and shall be exempt from customs duties, transit, and other fees.
The above-mentioned control of freight in transit shall be permitted only in the manner observed in such cases by the established practices of international communication.
Citizens of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics traveling to Norway or returning from Norway to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics through Petsamo province, shall have the right of unrestricted travel on the basis of passports issued by the appropriate Soviet organs.
Upon observation of the general regulations in effect, Soviet unarmed aircraft shall have the right to aerial communication between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Norway across Petsamo province.
Art. 7 – The Finnish Government shall grant to the Soviet Union the right of transit for freight between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Sweden, and for the purpose of the development of this transit along the shortest railway route the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Finland consider it necessary for each party to construct, if possible during 1940, on its own territory a railway uniting the city of Kandalakska with the city of Kemijarvi.
Art. 8 – Upon the entry of the present treaty into force, trade relations between the contracting parties shall be restored and for this purpose, the contracting Parties shall enter into negotiations for the conclusion of a trade agreement.
Art. 9 – The present peace treaty shall enter into effect immediately upon its signature and shall be subject to subsequent ratification.
The exchange of instruments of ratification shall take place within ten days in the city of Moscow.
The present treaty is drawn up in two originals, each of which are in the Russian, Finnish, and Swedish languages, in the city of Moscow on March 12, 1940.
V. Molotov
A. Zhdanov
A. Vasilevski
Risto * Ryti
Yu. Paasikivi *
R. Valden *
Vyaine * Voionmaa
PROTOCOL TO THE PEACE TREATY OF March 12, 1940
The contracting parties shall establish the following order of cessation of military operations and of removal of troops across the state boundary established by the treaty:
1. Both sides shall cease military operations at 12 o’clock, Leningrad time, on March 18, 1940.
2. Beginning at the time fixed for the cessation of military operations a neutral zone one kilometre wide shall be established between the positions of the advance detachments, and under this arrangement a military unit of one side which is on the territory of the other side, according to the new state boundary, shall be removed to the distance of one kilometre during the course of the first day.
3. The removal of troops across the new state boundary and the advance of troops of the other side up to the boundary shall begin at 10 o’clock on March 15, 1940, along the entire length of the boundary from the Finnish gulf to Lieksa and at 10 o’clock on March 16 north of Lieksa. The removal shall be effected by daily marches of not less than seven kilometres in twentyfour hours, and the advance of troops of the other side shall proceed on the basis of a reckoning whereby there shall be a space of not less than seven kilometres between the rear units of the retreating troops and the advance units of the troops of the other side, moving up to the new boundary.
4, The terms of removal on separate sectors of the state boundary shall be established, in accordance with paragraph 3, as follows:
a) in the sector from the sources of the river Tuntsajoki to Kuolajarvi, to Takala,* and to the eastern shore of Lake Juokomojiarvi, the removal of troops of both sides shall be completed by 20 o’clock on March 20, 1940;
b) in the sector to the south of Kuhmonieni in the region of Latva, the removal of troops shall be completed by 20 o’clock on March 22, 1940; c) in the sector from Lopgavaara to Vartsild to the station Matkaselka, the removal of troops of both sides shall be completed by 20 o’clock on March 26, 1940;
d) in the sector from the station Matkaselka to Koitsanlahti, the removal of troops shall be completed by 20 o’clock on March 22, 1940;
e) in the sector from Koitsanlahti to the station Enso, the removal of troops shall be completed by 20 o’clock on March 25, 1940;
f) in the sector from the station Enso to the island Bate, the removal of troops shall be completed by 20 o’clock on March 19, 1940.
5. The evacuation of the troops of the Red Army from the region of Petsamo shall be completed by April 10, 1940.
6. In the removal of troops across the state frontier, the military authorities of both sides shall be obliged to take the necessary measures in the towns and localities transferred to the other side for their preservation, and to take suitable measures to ensure that the towns, villages, military and economic structures (bridges, dams, airdromes, arsenals, warehouses, railroad junctions, manufacturing enterprises, telegraph, electric stations) shall be safeguarded against damage and destruction.
7. All questions which may arise from the transfer from one side to the other of regions, points, towns, and other objects indicated in point six of the present protocol, shall be decided by representatives of both sides on the spot, for which purpose special delegates shall be designated by the military authorities on each basic line of movement of both armies.
8. The exchange of military prisoners shall be conducted in as short a time as possible after the cessation of military operations, on the basis of a special agreement.
V. Molotov
A. Zhdanov
A. Vasilevski
Risto Ryti
Yu. Paasikivi
R. Valden
Vyaine Voionmaa
GREAT BRITAIN-UNITED STATES
AGREEMENT FOR THE EXCHANGE OF COTTON AND RUBBER
Signed at London, June 23, 1939; ratifications exchanged August 25, 1939.
The Government of the United States of America and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, desiring to
Le texte du traité est publié in
| 514 Ko A. J. I. L., vol. 34, n° 3, Supplement : Official Documents, p. 127Pour les références bibliographiques des recueils mentionnés ci-dessous, voy. la page consacrée aux recueils de traités
La présente fiche a été réalisée dans le cadre du programme de stage au CERIC à l’Université d’Aix-Marseille.
Elle a été conçue par :
Lou Chatenet (fiche de contextualisation, illustration, résumé, transcription)
Auteur 2 (correction du texte intégral)
Pr. Romain Le Boeuf (sources, transcription du texte intégral)
Crédits image : wikipédia