Archives par mot-clé : 1815-1913 : Traités du 19e siècle

1895, 17 avril, Traité de Shimonoseki

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Traité de Shimonoseki, 17 avril 1895

entre la Chine et le Japon

Le traité de Shimonoseki en date du 17 avril 1895 est un traité signé entre le Japon et la Chine, ce qui a mis fin à la première guerre sino-japonaise (1894-1895).

Le traité de Shimonoseki aussi appelé en Chine traité de Maguan (馬關/马关) est un accord signé entre la Chine et le Japon le 17 avril 1895 qui met un terme à la première guerre sino-japonaise (1894-1895).

Ce conflit sino-japonais a pour origine la possession de la Corée, les Japonais voulant la soustraire à l’emprise chinoise. Cette guerre se concluera par une victoire japonaise et donnera lieu au traité de Shimonoseki. Du point de vue chinois, ce traité est également perçu comme un traité dit « inégal ».

Suite à ce traité, la Chine devra abandonner la Corée qui passera sous protectorat japonais mais devra également céder de nombreuses îles notamment celle de Formose (actuellement Taïwan), la presqu’île du Liaodong, etc.
Cette défaite face au Japon enclenche le déclin de la Chine et la fin de sa domination en Asie orientale.

Traité de paix signé à Shimonoseki le 17 avril 1895.

Despatch from Her Majesty’s Minister at Tôkio, forwarding copy of the Treaty of Peace conclued between China and Japan, April 17, 1895.

Mr. Lowther to the Earl of Kimberley. – (Received June 18.)
My Lord,
The text of the Treaty of Shimonoseki was to-day published in the oddicial Gazette, accompanied by an Imperial Rescript explaining the course taken by Japan in view of the objections offered by certain of the Great Powers to the permanant occupation of the Liaotung Peninsula.
I have the honour to transmit herewith an official translation of the Treaty, and a translation of the Imperial Rescript. Gerard Lowther.

Inclosure 1. Treaty between China and Japan, signed at Shinonoseki, April 17, 1895.

His Majesty the Emperor of Japan, and His Majesty the Emperor of China, desiring to restore the blessings of peace to their countries and and subjects, and to remove all cause for future complications, have named as their Plenipotentiaries for the purpose of concluding a Treaty of Peace, that is to say: –
His Majesty the Emperor of Japan, Count Ito Hirobumi, Junii Grand Cross of the Imprial Order of Paullownia, Minister-President of State, and Viscount Mutsu Munemitsu, Junii, First Class of the Imperial Order of the Sacred Treasure, Minister of State for Foreign Affairs;
And His Majesty the Emperor of China, Li Hung-Chang, Senior Tutor to the Heir Apparent, Senior Grand Secretary of State, Minister Superintendent of Trade dor the Nothern Ports of China, Viceroy of the Province of Chihli, and Earl of the First Rank, and Li Ching fong, ex-Minister of the Diplomatic Service, of the Second Official Rank;
Who, after having exchanged the full powers, which were found to be in good and proper form, have agreed to the followinf Articles: –

ART. 1 – China recognizes definitely the full and complete independence and autonomy of Corea, and, in consequence, the payment of tribute and the performance of ceremonies and formalities by Korea to China in derogation of such independence and autonomy shall wholly cease for the future.

ART. 2 – China cedes to Japan in perpetuity and full sovereignty the following territories, together with all fortifications, arsenals, and public property thereon: —
a). The southern portion of the Province of Fengtien, within the following boundaries —
The line of demarcation begins at the mouth of River Yalu, and ascends that stream to the mouth of the River An-ping; from thence the line runs to Feng Huang; from thence to Haicheng; from thence to Ying Kow, forming a line which describes the southern portion of the territory. The places above named are included in the ceded territory. When the line reaches the River Liao at Ying Kow it follows the course of that stream to its mouth, where it terminates. The mid-channel of the River Liao shall be taken as the line of demarcation.
This cession also includes all islands appertaining or belonging to the Province of Fengtien situated in the eastern portion of the Bay of Liaodong, and in the northern part of the Yellow Sea.
b.) The Island of Formosa, together with all islands appertaining or belonging to the said Island of Formosa.
c.) The Pescadores Group, that is to say, all islands lying between the 119th and 129th degrees of longitude east of Greenwich and the 23rd and 24th degrees of north latitude.

ART. 3 – The alignments of the frontiers described in the preceding Article, and shown on the annexed map, shall be subject to verification and demarcation on the spot by a Joint Commission of Delimitation, consisting of two or more Japanese and two or more Chinese Delegates, to be appointed immediately after the exchange of the ratifications of this Act. page 2 In case the boundaries laid down in this Act are found to be defective at any point, either on account of topography or in consideration of good administration, it shall also be the duty of the Delimitation Commission to rectify the same.
The Delimitation Commission will enter upon its duties as soon as possible, and will bring labours to a conclusion within the period of one year after appointment.
The alignments laid down in this Act shall, however, be maintained until the rectifications of the Delimitation Commission, if any are made, shall have received approval of the Governments of Japan and China.

ART. 4 – China agrees to pay to Japan as a war indemnity the sum of 200,000,000 Kuping taels. The said sum to be paid in eight installments, The first installment of 50,000,000 taels to be paid within six months, and the second installment of 50,000,000 taels to be paid within twelve months after the exchange of the ratifications of this Act. The remaining sum to be paid in six equal annual installments as follows: the first of such equal annual installments to be paid within two years, the second within three years, the third within four years, the fourth within five years the fifth within six years, and the sixth within seven years after the exchange of the ratifications of this Act. Interest at the rate of 5 per cent. per annum shall begin to run on all unpaid portions of the said indemnity from the date the first installment falls due.
China shall, however, have the right to pay by anticipation at any time any or all of said installments. In case the whole amount of the said indemnity is paid within three years after the exchange of the ratifications of the present Act, all interest shall be waived, and the interest for two years and a-half, or for any less period if then already paid, shall be included as a part of the principal amount of the indemnity.

ART. 5 – The inhabitants of the territories ceded to Japan who wish to take up their residence outside the ceded districts shall be at liberty to sell their real property and retire. For this purpose a period of two years from the date of the exchange of the ratifications of the present Act shall be granted. At the expiration of that period those of the inhabitants who shall not have left such territories shall, at the option of Japan, be deemed to be Japanese subjects.
Each of the two Governments shall, immediately upon the exchange of the ratifications of the present Act, send one or more Commissioners to Formosa to effect a final transfer of that province, and within the space of two months after the exchange of the ratifications of this Act such transfer shall be completed.

ART. 7 – All Treaties between Japan and China having come to an end in consequence of war, China engages, immediately upon the exchange of the ratifications of this Act, to appoint Plenipotentiaries to conclude with the Japanese Plenipotentiaries a Treaty of Commerce and Navigation, and a Convention to regulate frontier intercourse and trade. The Treaties, Conventions, and Regulations now subsisting between China and European Powers shall serve as a basis for the said Treaty and Convention between Japan and China. From the date of the exchange of the ratifications of this Act until the said Treaty and Convention are brought into actual operation the Japanese Government, its officials, commerce, navigation, frontier intercourse and trade, industries, ships and subjects, shall in every respect be accorded by China most-favoured-nation treatment.
China makes, in addition, the following concessions, to take effect six months after the date of the present Act: —

  1. The following cities, towns, and ports, in addition to those already opened, shall be opened to the trade, residence, industries, and manufactures of Japanese subjects under the same conditions, and with the same privileges and facilities as exist at the present open cities, towns, and ports of China.
    (1.) Shashih, in the Province of Hupeh,
    (2.) Chung King, in the Province of Szechuan.
    (3.) Suchow, in the Province of Kiang Su.
    (4.) Hangchow, in the Province of Chekiang. The Japanese Government shall have the right to station Consuls at any or all of the above-named places.
  2. Steam navigation for vessels under the Japanese flag for the conveyance of passengers and cargo shall be extended to the following places: —
    (1.) On the Upper Yangtsze River, from Ichang to Chung King.
    (2.) On the Woosung River and the Canal, from Shanghai to Suchow and Hangchow. The Rules and Regulations which now govern the navigation of the inland waters of China by foreign vessels, shall, so far as applicable, be enforced in respect of the above-named routes, until new Rules and Regulations are conjointly agreed to.
  3. Japanese subjects purchasing goods or produce in the interior of China or transporting imported merchandise into the interior of China, shall have the right temporarily to rent or hire warehouses for the storage Of the articles so purchased or transported, without the payment of any taxes or exactions whatever.
  4. Japanese subjects shall be free to engage in all kinds of manufacturing industries in all the open cities, towns, and ports of China, and shall be at liberty to import into China all kinds of machinery, paying only the stipulated import duties thereon.
    All articles manufactured by Japanese subjects in China shall, in respect of inland transit and internal taxes, duties, charges, and exactions of all kinds and also in respect of warehousing and storage facilities in the interior of China, stand upon the same footing and enjoy the same privileges and exemptions as merchandise imported by Japanese subjects into China. page 3 In the event additional Rules and Regulations are necessary in connection with these concessions, they shall be embodied in the Treaty of Commerce and Navigation provided for by this Article.

ART. 7 – Subject to the provisions of the next succeeding Article, the evacuation of China by the armies of Japan shall be completely effected within three months after the exchange of the ratifications of the present Act.

ART. 8 – As a guarantee of the faithful performance of the stipulations of this Act, China consents to the temporary occupation by the military forces of Japan of Wei-hai-wei, in the Province of Shantung.
Upon the payment of the first two installments of the war indemnity herein stipulated for and the exchange of the ratifications of the Treaty of Commerce and Navigation, the said place shall be evacuated by the Japanese forces, provided the Chinese Government consents to pledge, under suitable and sufficient arrangements, the Customs Revenue of China as security for the payment of the principal and interest of the remaining installments of said indemnity. In the event no such arrangements are concluded, such evacuation shall only take place upon the payment of the final installment of said indemnity.
It is, however, expressly understood that no such evacuation shall take place until after the exchange of the ratifications of the Treaty of Commerce and Navigation.

ART. 9 – Immediately upon the exchange of the ratifications of this Act, all prisoners of war then held shall be restored, and China undertakes not to ill-treat or punish prisoners of war so restored to her by Japan. China also engages to at once release all Japanese subjects accused of being military spies or charged with any other military offences. China further engages not to punish in any manner, nor to allow to be punished, those Chinese subjects who have in any manner been compromised in their relations with the Japanese army during the war.

ART. 10 – All offensive military operations shall cease upon the exchange of the ratifications of this Act.

ART. 11 – The present Act shall be ratified by their Majesties the Emperor of Japan and the Emperor of China, and the ratifications shall be exchanged at Chefoo on the 8th day of the 5th month of the 28th year of Meiji, corresponding to the 14th day of the 4th month of the 21st year of Kuang Hsu.
In witness whereof, the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed the same and have affixed thereto the seal of their arms.

Done at Shimonoseki, in duplicate, this 17th day of the 4th month of the 28th year of Meiji, corresponding to the 28rd day of the 8rd month of the 21st year of Kuang Hsi.
(L.S.) Count Ito Hirobumi, Junii, Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of Paulownia, Minister-President of State, Plenipotentiary of His Majesty the Emperor of Japan.
(L. S.) Viscount Mutsu Munemitsu, Junii, First Class of the Imperial Order of the Sacred Treasure, Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, Plenipotentiary of His Majesty the Emperor of Japan.
(L. S.) Li Hung-Chang, Plenipotentiary of His Majesty the Emperor of China, Senior Tutor to the Heir Apparent, Senior Grand Secretary of State, Minister-Superintendent of Trade for the Northern Ports of China, Viceroy of the Province of Chihli, and Earl of the First Rank.
(L. S.) Li Ching-Fang, Plenipotentiary of His Majesty the Emperor of China, Ex-Minister of the Diplomatic Service, of the Second Official Rank.

Separate Articles

ART. 1 – The Japanese military forces which are, under Article VII of the Treaty of Peace signed this day, to temporarily occupy Wei-hai-wei shall not exceed one brigade, and from the date of the exchange of the ratifications of the said Treaty of Peace China shall pay annually one-fourth of the amount of the expenses of such temporary occupation, that is to say, at the rate of 500,000 Kuping taels per annum.

ART. 2 – The territory temporarily occupied at Wei-hai-wei shall comprise the Island of Liu Kung and a belt of land 5 Japanese ri wide along the entire coast-line of the Bay of Wei-hai-wei.
No Chinese troops shall be permitted to approach or occupy any places within a zone 5 Japanese ri wide beyond the boundaries of the occupied territory.

ART. 3 – The civil administration of the occupied territory shall remain in the hands of the Chinese authorities. But such authorities shall at all times be obliged to conform to the orders which the Commander of the Japanese army of occupation may deem it necessary to give in the interest of the health, maintenance, safety, distribution, or discipline of the troops.
All military offences committed within the occupied territory shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the Japanese military authorities. The foregoing Separate Articles shall have the same force, value, and effect as if they had been word for word inserted in the Treaty of Peace signed this day.
In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed the Same, and have affixed thereto the seal of their arms. page 4

Done at Shimonoseki, in duplicate, this 17th day of the 4th month of the 28th year of Kwang Hsti.
(L.S.) Count Ito Hirobumi, Junii, Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of Paullownia, Minister-President of State, Plenipotentiary of His Majesty the Emperor of Japan.
(L.S.) Viscount Mutsu Munemitsu, Junii, First Class of the Imperial Order of the Sacred Treasure, Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, Plenipotentiary of His Majesty the Emperor of Japan.
(L.S.) Li Hung-Chang, Plenipotentiary of His Majesty the Emperor of China, Senior Tutor to the Heir Apparent, Senior Grand Secretary of State, Minister-Superintendent of Trade for the Nothern Ports of China, Vicroy of the Province of Chihli, and Earl of the First Rank. Li Ching-Fong, Plenipotentiary of His Majesty of His Majesty the Emperor of China Ex-Minister of the Diplomatic Service, of the Second Official Rank.

Inclosure 2. Imperial Proclamation, dated May 10, 1895.

We recently, at the request of the Emperor of China, appointed Plenipotentiaries for the prupose of conferring with the Ambassadors sent by China, and of concluding with them a Treaty of Peace between the two Empires. Sice then the Governments of the two Empirer of Russia and Germany and of the French Republic, considering that the permanent possession of the ceded districts of the Feng-tien Peninsula by the Empire of Japan woulf be detrimental to the lasting peace of the Orient, have united in a simultaneous recommandation to our Government to refrain from holding those districts permanently.
Earnestly desirous as we always are for the maintenance of peace, nevertheless we were forced to commence hostilities against China for no other reason than our sincere desire to secure for the Orient an enduring peace. The Government of the three Powers are, in offering their friendly recommendation, similarly actuated by the same desire, and we, out of our regard for peace, do not hesitate to accept their advice. Moreover, it is not our wish to cause suffering to our people, or to impede the progress of the national destiny by embroiling the situation and retarding the restoration of peace.
China has already shown, by the conclusion of the Treaty of Peace, the sincerity of her repentance for her breach of faith with us, and has made manifest to the world our reasons and the object we had in view in waging war with that Empire.
Under these circumstances we do not consider that the honour and dignity of the Empire will be compromised by resorting to magnanimous measures, and by taking into consideration the general situation of affairs.
We have therefore accepted the advice of the friendly Powers, and Chili, Grande-Bretagne. Paiz. 649 have commanded our Government to reply to the Governments of the three Powers to that effect.
We have specially commanded our Government to negotiate with the Chinese Government respecting all arrangements for the return of the peninsular districts. The exchange of the ratifications of the Treaty of Peace has now been concluded, the friendly relations between the two Empires have been restored, and cordial relations with all other Powers have been strengthened.
We therefore command all our subjects to respect our will, to take into careful consideration the general situation, to be circumspect in all things, to avoid erroneous tendencies, and not to impair or thwart the high aspirations of our Empire.

(Imperial sign-manual.)
(Countersigned by all the Ministers of State.)
May 10, 1895.

Le texte du traité est publié in

| 2,5 Mo Martens, N. R. G., 2e série, t. XXI, n° 57, pp. 642-649

Pour les références bibliographiques des recueils mentionnés ci-dessous, voy. la page consacrée aux recueils de traités

La présente fiche a été réalisée dans la cadre du programme de stage du CERIC à l’Université d’Aix-Marseille.

Elle a été conçue par :

Serena Delle Case (fiche de contextualisation, illustration, résumé)

Margaux Chatain (correction du texte intégral)

Marie Albano (correction, mise en ligne)

Pr. Romain Le Boeuf (sources, transcription du texte intégral)

Crédits image : Wikipédia

1893, 3 octobre, Traité de Bangkok

Publié le par

Traité de Bangkok, 3 octobre 1893

entre la France et le Siam

En 1893, la guerre franco-siamoise fut achevée grâce au congrès de Bangkok. La France est sortie victorieuse et ce traité du 3 octobre 1893 fut rendu en sa faveur.

La traité de paix du 3 octobre 1893 a permis de mettre fin à la guerre franco-siamoise, opposant la France de la Troisième République au Siam, ancien nom de la Thaïlande, et conduira notamment à la cession du Laos à l’Indochine.

Cette guerre a duré du 13 juillet 1893 à octobre de la même année et correspond à un évènement majeur de la colonisation française. Alors que plusieurs incidents opposaient déjà les deux États début 1893, la France posa un ultimatum au Siam (comprenant notamment la cession du Laos et le versements d’une importante indemnité, etc.), que cette dernière refusa. La France décida de commencer l’annexion du territoire, ce qui marqua officiellement le début de la guerre le 13 juillet 1893.

Cependant, alors que le Siam s’attendait fourvoiement à un soutien britannique contre les français, il décida de négocier la paix, donnant lieu au traité de Bangkok du 3 octobre 1893 ainsi qu’à la cession du Laos.

Traité et Convention de paix; signé à Bangkok le 3 octobre 1893.

Archives Diplomatiques 1894.

I. Traité

Le Président de la République française et Sa Majesté le Roi de Siam, voulant mettre un terme aux contestations survenues dans ces derniers temps entre les deux États et consolider les relations d’amité qui existent depuis des siècles entre la France et le Siam, ont nommé pour leurs Plénipotentiaires :
Le Préident de la République française,
M. Charles – Marie Le Myre de Vilers, Grand Officier de la Légion d’Honneur et de l’Eléphant Blanc, Ministre Plénipotentiaire de 1ère classe, député ;
Et Sa Majesté le Roi de Siam.
Son Altesse royale le Prince Devawongse Taraprakar, Chevalier de l’ordre de Maha Chakrkri, Grand Officier de la Légion d’Honneur, etc.. Ministre des Affaires étrangères ;
Lesquels, après s’être commuuiqué leurs pleins pouvoirs et les avoir reconnus en bonne et due forme, sont convenus des articles suivants:

ART. 1 – Le Gouvernement siamois renonce à toute prétention sur l’ensemble des territoires de la rive gauche du Mékong et sur les îles du fleuve.

ART. 2 – Le Gouvernement siamois s’interdit d’entretenir ou de faire circuler des embarcations ou des bâtiments armés sur les eaux du Grand-Lac, du Mékong et de leurs affluents situés dans les limites visées à l’article suivant.

ART. 3 – Le Gouvernement siamois ne construira aucun poste fortifié ou établissement militaire dans les provinces de Battambang et de Siem-Reap et dans un rayon de 25 kilomètres sur la rive droite du Mékong.

ART. 4 – Dans les zones visées par l’art. 3, la police sera exercée, selon l’usage, par les autorités locales avec les contingents strictement nécessaires. Il n’y sera entretenu aucune force armée régulière ou irrégulière.

ART. 5 – Le Gouvernement siamois s’engage à ouvrir, dans un délai de six mois, des négociations avec le Gouvernement français en vue du règlement du régime douanier et commercial des territoires visés à l’art. 3; de la revision du traité de 1856. Jusqu’à la conclusion de cet accord, il ne sera pas établi de droit de douane dans la zone visée à l’art. 3. La réciprocité continuera à être accordée par le Gouvernement français aux produits de ladite zone.

ART. 6 – Le développement de la navigation du Mékong pouvant rendre nécessaires sur la rive droite certains travaux ou l’établissement de relais de batellerie et de dépôts de bois et de charbon, le Gouvernement siamois s’engage à donner, sur la demande du Gouvernement français,toutes les facilités nécessaires à cet effet.

ART. 7 – Les citoyens, sujets ou ressortissants français pourront librement circuler et commercer dans les territoires visés à l’art. 3, munis d’une passe délivrée par les autorités françaises La réciprocité sera accordée aux habitants desdites zones.

ART. 8 – Le Gouvernement français se réserve d’établir des consuls où il le jugera convenable dans l’intérêt de ses ressortissants, et notamment à Korat et Muang-Nan.

ART. 9 – En cas de difficultés d’interprétation, le texte français fera seul foi.

ART. 10 – Le présent traité devra être ratifié dans un délai de quatre mois à partir du jour de la signature.
En foi de quoi, les Plénipotentiaires respectifs susnommés ont signé le présent traité en duplicata et y ont apposé leurs cachets.
Fait au palais de Tallabha, à Bangkok, le 3 octobre 1893.

    (L. S.) Le Myre de Vilers. Devawongse Taraprakar.

II. Convention.

Les Plénipotentiaires ont arrêté, dans la présente Convention, les différentes mesures et les dispositions qu’entraîne l’exécution du traité de paix signé en ce jour et de l’ultimatum accepté le 5 août dernier.

ART. 1 – Les derniers postes militaires siamois de la rive gauche du Mékong devront être évacués dans le délai maximum d’un mois à partir du 5 septembre.

ART. 2 – Toutes les fortifications de la zone visée à l’art. 3 du traité en date de ce jour devront être rasées.

ART. 3 – Les autres des attentats de Tong Kieng-Kham et de Kammoun seront jugés par les autorités siamoises; un représentant de la France assistera au jugement et veillera à l’exécution des peines prononcées. Le Gouvernement français se réserve le droit d’apprécier si les condamnations sont suffisantes et, le cas échéant, de réclamer un nouveau jugement devant un tribunal mixte dont il fixera la composition.

ART. 4 – Le Gouvernement siamois devra remettre à la disposition du Ministre de France à Bangkok ou aux autorités françaises de la frontière tous les sujets français, annamites, laotiens de la rive gauche et les Cambodgiens détenus à un titre quelconque; il ne mettra aucun obstacle au retour sur la rive gauche des anciens habitants de cette région.

ART. 5 – Le Bam-Bien de Tong-Kieng-Kham et sa suite seront amenés par un délégué du Ministre des Affaires étrangères à la légation de France, ainsi que les armes et le pavillon français saisis par les autorités siamoises.

ART. 6 – Le Gouvernement français continuera à occuper Chantaboun jusqu’à l’éxécution des stipulations de la présente Convention.

Le texte du traité est publié in

| 615 Ko Martens, N. R. G., 2e série, t. XX, n° 74, pp. 752-753

Pour les références bibliographiques des recueils mentionnés ci-dessous, voy. la page consacrée aux recueils de traités

La présente fiche a été réalisée dans la cadre du programme de stage du CERIC à l’Université d’Aix-Marseille.

Elle a été conçue par :

Margaux Chatain (fiche de contextualisation, illustration, résumé)

Serena Delle Case (correction du texte intégral)

Marie Albano (correction, mise en ligne)

Pr. Romain Le Boeuf (sources, transcription du texte intégral)

Crédits image : Wikipédia

1879, 26 mai, Traité de Gandamak

Publié le par

Traité de Gandamak, 26 mai 1879

entre l’Afghanistan et la Grande-Bretagne

Le traité de Gandamak en date du 26 mai 1879 est un traité signé entre l’Afghanistan et la Grande-Bretagne. Cet accord met fin à la Seconde guerre anglo-afghane (1878-1880).

Le traité de Gandamak en date du 26 mai 1879 est un traité signé entre l’Afghanistan et la Grande-Bretagne. Cet accord met fin à la Seconde guerre anglo-afghane (1878-1880).

Cette seconde invasion britannique permettra à la Grande Bretagne d’atteindre tout ses objectifs géopolitiques.

En effet, cet accord place l’Afghanistan sous protectorat britannique, la Grande Bretagne obtenant ainsi le contrôle de leur politique extérieure. Néanmoins l’Afghanistan pourra préserver le contrôle de sa politique intérieure.

Le traité de Gandamak prendra fin en 1919, où l’Afghanistan deviendra totalement indépendante.

                                            AFGHANISTAN, GRANDE-BRETAGNE.
                                Traité de paix signé à Gandamak, le 26 mai 1879.
                                            Parl. Paper  [2362] 1879.

Treaty between the British Government and His Highness Yakub Khan, Amir of Afghanistan and its dependencies, concluded at Gandamak on the 26th May 1879, by His Highness the Amir Muhammad Yakub Khan on his own part, and on the part of the British Government by Major P. L. N. Cavagnari, C. S. I., Political Officer on Special Duty, in virtue of full powers vested in him by the Right Honourable Edward Robert Lytton, Bulwer-Lytton, Baron Lytton of Knebworth, and a Baronet, Grand Master of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India, Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath, Grand Master of the Indian Empire, Viceroy and Governor-General of India.
The following Articles of a Treaty for the restoration of peace and amicable relations have been agreed upon between the British Government and His Highness Muhammad Yakub Khan, Amir of Afghanistan and its dependencies:–

ART. 1 – From the day of the exchange of the ratifications of the present Treaty there shall be perpetual peace and friendship between the British Government on the one part and His Highness the Amir of Afghanistan and its dependencies, and his successors, on the other.

ART. 2 – His Highness the Amir of Afghanistan and its dependencies engages, on the exchange of the ratificatiens of this Treaty, to publish a full and complete amnesty, absolving all his subjects from any responsibility for intercourse with the British Forces during the war, and to guarantee and protect all persons of whatever degree from any punishment or molestation on that account.

ART. 3 – His Highness the Amir of Afghanistan and its dependencies agrees to conduct his relations with Foreign States, in accordance with the advice and wishes of the British Government. His Highness the Amir will enter into no engagements with Foreign States, and will not take up arms against any Foreign State, except with the concurrence of the British Government. On these conditions the British Government will support the Amir against any foreign aggression with money, arms, or troops, to be employed in whatsoever manner the British Government may judge best for this purpose. Should British troops at any time enter Afghanistan for the purpose of repelling foreign aggression, they will return to their stations in British territory as soon as the object for which they entered has been accomplished.

ART. 4 – With a view to the maintenance of the direct and intimate relations now established between the British Government and His Highness the Amir of Afghanistan and for the better protection of the frontiers of His Highness’ dominions, it is agreed that a British Representative shall reside at Kabul, with a suitable escort in a place of residence appropriate to his rank and dignity. It is also agreed that the British Government shall have the right to depute British Agents with suitable escorts to the Afghan frontiers, whensoever this may be considered necessary by the British Government in the interests of both States, on the occurrence of any important external fact. His Highness the Amir of Afghanistan may on his part depute an Agent to reside at the Court of His Excellency the Viceroy and Governor-General of India, and at such other places in British India as may be similarly agreed upon.

ART. 5 – His Highness the Amir of Afghanistan and its dependencies guarantees the personal safety and honourable treatment of British Agents within his jurisdiction; and the British Government on its part undertakes that its Agents shall never in any way interfere with the internal administration of His Highness’ dominions.

ART. 6 – His Highness the Amir of Afghanistan and its dependencies undertakes, on behalf of himself and his successors, to offer no impediment to British subjects peacefully trading within his dominions so long as they do so with the permission of the British Government, and in accordance with such arrangements as may be mutually agreed upon from time to time between the two Governments.

ART. 7 – In order that the passage of trade between the territories of the British Government and of His Highness the Amir of Afghanistan, may be open and uninterrupted, His Highness the Amir of Afghanistan agrees to use his best endeavors to ensure the protection of traders and to facilitate the transit of goods along the well-known customary roads of Afghanistan. These roads shall be improved and maintained in such manner as the two Governments may decide to be most expedient for the general convenience of traffic, and under such financial arrangements as may be mutually determined upon between them. The arrangements made for the maintenance and security of the aforesaid roads, for the settlement of the duties to be levied upon merchandize carried over these roads, and for the general protection and development of trade with and through the dominions of His Highness, will be stated in a separate Commercial Treaty. page 2 to be concluded within one year, due regard being given to the state of the country.

ART. 8 – With a view to facilitate communication between the allied Governments and to aid and develop intercourse and commercial relations between the two countries, it is hereby agreed that a line of telegraph from Kurram to Kabul shall be constructed by and at the cost of the British Government, and the Amir of Afghanistan hereby undertakes to provide for the protection of this telegraph line.

ART. 9 – In consideration of the renewal of a friendly alliance between the two States which has been attested and secured by the foregoing Articles, the British Government restores to His Highness the Amir of Afghanistan and its dependencies the towns of Kandahar and Jellalabad, with all the territory now in possession of the British armies, excepting the districts of Kurram, Pishin, and Sibi. His Highness the Amir of Afghanistan and its dependencies agrees on his part that the districts of Kurram and Pishin and Sibi, according to the limits defined in the schedule annexed, shall remain under the protection and administrative control of the British Government: that is to say, the aforesaid districts shall be treated as assigned districts, and shall not be considered as permanently severed from the limits of the Afghan kingdom. The revenues of these districts after deducting the charges of civil administration shall be paid to His Highness the Amir.
The British Government will retain in its own hands the control of the Khyber and Michni Passes, which lie between the Peshawur and Jellalabad Districts, and of all relations with the independent tribes of the territory directly connected with these Passes.

ART. 10 – For the further support of His Highness the Amir in the recovery and maintenance of his legitimate authority, and in consideration of the efficient fulfilment in their entirety of the engagements stipulated by the foregoing Articles, the British Government agrees to pay to His Highness the Amir and to his successors an annual subsidy of six lakhs of Rupees.
Done at Gandamak, this 26th day of May 1879, corresponding with the 4th day of the month of Jamadi-us-sani 1296, A.H.

    Amir Muhammad                   N. Cavagnari, Major, 
    Yakub Khan.                     Poltl. Officer on Special Duty. 
                            Lytton.

Le texte du traité est publié in

| 984 Ko Martens, N. R. G., 2e série, t. IV, n° 83, pp. 536-538

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1878, 13 juillet, Traité de Berlin

Publié le par

#1878, 13 juillet, Traité de Berlin#

1878, 13 juillet, Traité de Berlin

entre l’Allemagne, l’Autriche-Hongrie, l’Empire ottoman, la France, la Grande-Bretagne, l’Italie et la Russie

publié in | 5,4 Mo Martens, N. R. G., 2e série, t. III, n° 47, pp. 449-465